Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

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Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

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Revision Notes Of Electrostatics

Electric current; the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor; drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

The internal resistance of a cell; potential difference and emf of a cell; the combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

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Revision Notes Of Current Electricity

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot ‒ Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law & its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only equivalent treatment); Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron.

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Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; magnetic field lines; earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

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Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.  Self and mutual induction.

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Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only); LCR series circuit; resonance; power in AC circuits, power factor wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

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Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

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Revision Notes Of Electromagnetic Waves

Ray Optics: Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula; refraction of light; total internal reflection and its applications; optical fibres; refraction at spherical surfaces; lenses; thin lens formula; lensmaker’s formula; magnification, power of a lens; combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

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Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle; reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’s principle. Interference; Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction due to a single slit; width of central maximum; resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster's law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

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Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles; de Broglie relation; Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

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Alpha-particle scattering experiment;

Rutherford’s model of atom;

Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

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Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

Radioactivity alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

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Energy bands in conductors; semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)

Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier;

Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor; transistor action; characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration); the basic idea of analog and digital signals; Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

 

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Revision Notes Of Electronic Devices

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only);

The bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data);

The bandwidth of transmission medium.

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky & space wave propagation, satellite communication.

Need for modulation, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation.

 

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Revision Notes Of Communication Systems

 

Magnetism, Optics, Modern Physics 

Important Questions & Answers From Rest  Of  The Chapters